Lidar

Using  LiDAR Data  At  Vermont  Electric  Power  Co. Prepared  By: Jarrod  Harper Phone:  (802)  770? 6223 Email:  [email  protected] com What  is  LiDAR? Light Detection and Ranging †¢ The  dictionary  title:  Ã‚  a  measuring  system  that  detects  and   locates  objects  on  the  same  principle  as  radar  but  uses  light   from  a  laser †¢ A  method  for  quickly  and  accurately  collecting  ground   information  from  an  aerial  platform  using  a  laser  and  ground   control. †¢ In  the  technical  definition  of  the  word,  LiDAR is  a  survey  but  it   cannot  be  used  for  a  legal  boundary  survey. How  is  LiDAR Data  Collected?What  Data  is  Collected  During  a  Flight? â€Å"Everything † †¢ Foliage †¢ Bare  Earth †¢ Transmission  Lines  and  Towers â₠¬ ¢ Railway  Beds †¢ Roadways †¢ Vehicles †¢ Buildings †¢ etc. Optional †¢ Photography †¢ Weather  Conditions What  Were  the  Deliverables  to  VELCO? †¢ DTM  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Digital  Terrain  Model †¢ Orthorectified Imagery †¢ AutoCAD  Drawings †¢Contours †¢Streams †¢Roads †¢Buildings †¢Utility  Lines  and  Poles †¢Edge  of  Trees †¢ PLS? CADD  Terrain  Model PLS? CADD  (Power  Line  Systems  ? Computer  Aided  Design  and  Drafting): overhead  power  line  design  software What  Has  VELCO  Created  With  the  Data? New  Transmission  Line  Designs †¢ Permitting  Drawings †¢ EPSC  (Erosion  Prevention  and Soil  Containment)  Plans †¢ Aesthetic  Mitigation  Plans †¢ Tree  Planting †¢ etc. Issues  Encountered  With  the  Data? †¢ Mobilization †¢ Ground  Control †¢ F oliage †¢ Units  Conversion LiDAR Data  Collected  in  October  2006 Cost  for  LiDAR? †¢ Aerial  Laser  Ground  Profile  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ DTM:  Ã‚  $743. 75  /mile †¢ Digital  Imagery  and  Orthophotography – $743. 75  /mile †¢ AutoCAD  Mapping  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ $637. 50  /mile †¢ PLS? CADD  Format  Files  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ $185. 00  /mile †¢ Cost  Per  Mile:  Ã‚  $2,310. 00 †¢ Miles  Surveyed:  Ã‚  52. 5 †¢ Total  Project  Cost:  Ã‚  $121,275. 00

Language Processing and Production Essay

This experiment investigated hemispheric specialisation and dominance with regards to language functions. It used a computer program to measure the amount of key presses achieved by participants in a given time across four different trials (1 with the left hand, no talking, 2 with the left hand whilst being asked questions, and the same two trials again with the right hand). The participants were 2nd year psychology students from which a cohort of 20 was selected for data analysis. A significant difference was found for the effect of hemisphere and language processing task present or absent. However, the means for each trial did not support left hemispheric dominance for language functions: more key presses were recorded when talking and using the right hand than when talking and using the left. Handedness and some involvement of the right hemisphere in language processing and production were also shown as appearing to influence the results obtained. The main conclusion to be drawn is that hemispheric specialisation and language dominance is a subject that needs further investigation in order to clarify the generalisability of conclusions made about left hemisphere language specialisations. Our brain consists of two halves; the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere. The left hemisphere receives information from and controls muscles in the right side of the body, whilst the right hemisphere receives information from and controls muscles in the left side of the body. Research using brain imagery and studies of brain damaged and split brain patients, to name just a few examples, has shown that some of our functions are controlled more by one hemisphere than the other, i.e. are more specialised for that particular function. This experiment aims to investigate these differing specialisations of the hemispheres more deeply and with particular regard to language. Research into language differences between the two hemispheres is widespread and supports the view that the left hemisphere is the more dominant. Marc Dax was the first to notice hemispheric differences in his brain damaged patients, after having seen many patients suffering from loss of speech. Dax found what appeared to be an association between the loss of speech and the side of the brain where the damage occurred. ‘In more than 40 patients with aphasia, Dax noticed damage to the left hemisphere; he was unable to find a case that involved damage to the right hemisphere alone’ (Springer and Deutsch, 1998, p. 1-2). By 1870 further evidence also began to surface, when other investigators began to realise that ‘many types of language disorders could result from damage to the left hemisphere’ (Springer & Deutsch, 1998, p. 1). For example, Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia: Broca’s aphasia causes speech problems associated with comprehension, resulting from damage to Broca’s area (situated in the left frontal cortex), whilst Wernicke’s aphasia causes word salad (hard to understand, jumbled speech), resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area (situated in the left temporal lobe). Later research has also supported Dax’s original findings, one example of such research concluded ‘that the left hemisphere is responsible for language in almost all right-handed individuals’ (Butler, S. R. 1997, p. 187). This research also links the additional factor of handedness to investigations of hemispheric lateralisation, an idea which has been supported by others in the field. For example: ‘In right handers †¦ , it is almost always the case that the hemisphere that controls the dominant hand is also the hemisphere that controls speech’ (Springer and Deutsch, 1998, p. 2), therefore it is possible that for left handers, as their dominant hand is being controlled by the right hemisphere, the right hemisphere may be responsible for speech control and other language functions instead of the left hemisphere. Additional research looking at right hemisphere lesions has demonstrated that the right hemisphere is responsible for some linguistical functions: finding that patients with such lesions may be ‘impaired relative to normal controls on certain tests of language’ (Corballis, C. M. 1983, p. 33). One study by Lesser (1974) reported such an impairment ‘on a semantic test involving comprehension of spoken words but not on a phonological or syntactic test’ (Corballis, C. M. 1983, p. 33), suggesting a small role for the right hemisphere in language processing. Kinsbourne and McMurray carried out valuable research using healthy participants, using a procedure similar to the current study (cited in Kalat, 2004, pg. 427). They asked participants to tap with a pencil on a piece of paper as many times as they could in one minute, first with their right hand then with their left, then asked them to do the same again whilst talking, they found that ‘for most right-handers, talking decreases the tapping rate with the right hand more than with the left hand’. This further supports left hemispheric dominance for language, as well as supporting the current study’s methodology and informing its hypothesis. As has been demonstrated most research supports left hemispheric dominance of language functions, but also links hemispheric specialisation with other factors and accepts that the right hemisphere holds some language comprehension control. This experiment looks for further supportive evidence and also briefly looks at handedness as a possible affecting factor. The study uses a finger tapping and language processing task, with the notion that the speed at which keys are pressed will be relatively similar with both hands. If however, if it is the case that language is more associated with the left hemisphere, then on average when processing language, the speed of the right hand will be slower than the left hand, presumably because the left hemisphere then has to do two tasks at once (right hand finger tapping and language processing). This is only the case however if all participants in the experiment have left hemisphere dominance for language, and is thus the reason we have recorded the handedness of our participants. As a result of previous studies and research the hypothesis for this experiment is: there will be differences in the number of taps made from each of the two hands when language is or isn’t being processed. Method Design The experiment used a fully repeated measures within-subjects design: all participants took part in all conditions. There was one independent variable, consisting of four different levels: left hand, talking, no talking and right hand talking, no talking. The dependent variable was the number of key presses made within the time limit of 30 seconds per trial.

Corporate Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Law - Assignment Example The rights include voting during the election of the directors, amending corporate bylaws as well as articles of incorporation and participating in annual meetings associated with the stockholders. Besides, the other fundamental rights of the minority shareholders include voting on a few selected corporate events which include liquidation of the business entity, mergers or sale of assets, calling special meetings of the stockholders and scrutinizing the books, records as well as the lists of the shareholders. It is in this context that with the majority shareholders holding a strong position in a company, in frequent instances, disagreements between the majority and the minority shareholders have been identified in the modern business context. The disagreements have been mostly regarding the exclusion of the minority shareholders from management participation, disproportionate allocation of shares and withholding of dividends with profits among others (1). In this discussion, a detai led analysis of the problems concerned with the rights held by minority shareholders, playing vital role causing potential disagreements amid the members of both majority as well as minority shareholders, will be taken into concern. Moreover, the different statutory remedies which are available to the minority shareholders in order to deal with situations where the majority shareholders misuse their power or breach their duties will also be portrayed in the discussion. A Brief Analysis of the Scenario The minority shareholders are often acknowledged as institutional investors among different business entities who play a limited function in influencing the background of corporate governance construction. This is majorly due to the fact that the presence of the majority shareholders within a business firm owing the rights to partially control its decision making process often facilitates significant sources of conflicts affecting the interests of the minority shareholders (2). However , it is worth mentioning in this regard that the minority shareholders posses certain rights which may be accessible in accordance to any ‘state close corporation laws’. These rights generally include amending corporate by-laws, voting during the election of the directors and organizing as well as managing annual meetings related with the shareholders among others as mentioned in the articles of association and memorandum. Despite, it has often been observed that the minority shareholders or the institutional investors find it to be quite challenging to exercise the aforementioned rights in a smooth way witnessing minimum disruptions. This is simply because the majority shareholders tend to dominantly control the business operations as they bear large proportion or percentage of shares along with various decision making rights concerning the corporate governance structure of the particular entity. As the majority shareholders possess maximum quantity of shares (i.e. mor e than 50% of the total equity shares), it has been viewed that the interests of minority shareholders are being oppressed by several means. In this similar context, the different ways which contribute towards the oppression of the minority s

Discrimination in organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discrimination in organizations - Essay Example Gender discrimination is described by Gelfand, Nishii, Raver and Schneider (2007) as a serious form of workplace employment that should not under any given circumstances be dismissed. This paper explores the issue of sex/gender discrimination in organisational set-ups, providing a detailed theoretical background while citing an article in relevance to the subject’s manifestation in an organisational framework. Discrimination in Organisations Today, sex or gender discrimination at the workplace is still evident despite the prevailing talk of gender equality Cortina, Kabat-Farr, Leskinen, Marisela and Magley (2011). Discrimination based on sex can be defined as acting undesirably or treating a person differently; a case that would not have been the same had the person been of a different sex. In most parts of the globe, gender discrimination is considered unjust towards the recipient and thus is illegal (Cortina et al., 2011). The objective of this study is to examine the gender discrimination that occurs at the workplace and increase the organisational awareness of the grave issue. Hypothesis Sex or gender discrimination at the workplace is still widespread. Background A host of research exists regarding the gender discrimination of employees at the workplace. Three court cases have been reviewed by Buchanan (2005) on the issue of sexual harassment. In the findings, women were often subject to dire treatment from their male counterparts who device different excuses and or ways to come into physical contact with them as well as asking them for bodily favours. Furthermore, she reveals that women from these court case studies were subject to unethical sexual images and jokes which not only psychologically affects their minds but also makes them feel uncomfortable at their workplace hence some may decide on resignation as their escape route from insecurity. Another study by Davidson and Eden (2000) examined the issue of gender pay gap based on the 1999 Nation al Faculty Survey Data. This study was aimed at determining the wage gap between male and female employees with similar responsibilities at different public and private institutions. The study revealed that women earn 20.7% less than what men of similar responsibilities earn (Davidson & Eden 2000). In addition, the duo found out that women receive less compensation and benefits as compared to their male employees. A study conducted by Khoreva (2011) to estimate the gender wage gap in the Pakistani labour market has similar findings to those of Davidson and Eden. The study took into account a sample of ninety one thousand three hundred and nineteen men and women of average ages 36 and 32 respectively. The women were fewer than the men; accounting for 48.4% of the total sample. According to Khoreva (2011), the wage gap is continually increasing mainly because of educational differences between men and women as well as the experience of female employees. In addition, the research revea led that women were subject to reduced incentives and benefits as compared to their male counterparts. In his research Lissenburgh (2001) employs the National Survey Data and Human Capital Theory in determining the level of discrimination based on gender in the UK labour markets during the 1990s (Gelfand et al. 2007). The data revealed that women were subject to a 10% pay rise in the event that they pay close attention to human capital factors. Furthermore, some job specifications are more biased towards men with respect to

The Role of Lead Teacher Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Role of Lead Teacher - Research Paper Example 11). The majority of contemporary schools functions under a continuous improvement model and is publicly measured by student achievement test results. The transformation of schools to function under more progressive models relies heavily on leveraging the expertise of the classroom teacher to extend beyond the traditional roles of individual classroom impact on students, and to include new roles in leading school reform efforts as part of a community of learners (Crowther et al, 2002). Faculty involvement in decision making, through administrators sharing their power with the teaching staff, is a way to create collaborative culture and promote student success, especially in traditionally failing schools (Papalewis and Fortune, 2002). Empowerment void of professional community is not enough to bring about needed changes in our schools. Empowerment has "proven insufficient to change teachers relationships to their work in many settings" (Louis and Kruse, 1995, p. 13). Many teachers have leadership qualities that have not yet been recognized but may be a key to transforming schools and communities (Crowther et al., 2002). Documenting the perceptions and experiences of lead teachers who are involved as agents of change can reveal insights about the nature of teacher leadership, the roles that lead teachers assume, and the impact of their involvement in educational change. Careful and critical examination of teacher leadership is important since it is perceived as bein g critical to so many current school reform initiatives (Miller, et al., 2000). PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Buckner and McDowelle (2000) reported that teachers are in a unique position to influence school reform efforts, however "teacher leadership is a concept that often lacks clear definition" (p. 35). As teachers play a greater role in the changes schools make, there is a need to better define and describe the concept of lead teacher and teacher leadership (Miller et al., 2000). Katzenmeyer and Moller (2001) stated, "teacher leadership is essential for the level of complex change schools face. In order to advance these roles for teachers, it is necessary for proponents to be clear about what teacher leadership looks like" (p. 4). Various reform efforts in modern education have recognized teachers' professional development as central to the reform efforts and have called for new ways of organizing and supporting teacher work. Providing insight into the role of lead teachers as participants in a distributed leadership model by documenting their perceptions, describing implementation activities, and identifying and analyzing the impact of their roles in modern education will help to understand the perspectives of contemporary education and learning. This deeper understanding is needed to help guide reform efforts and provide for a more enlightened conversation regarding teacher leadership so that administrators can 'identify, develop, and support lead teachers in their schools" (Buckner & McDowelle, 2000, p. 36). Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effect of the lead teacher in changing and improving school management, learners' performance and teaching practices. LITERATURE REVIEW In the current literature the term "lead teacher" (or "teacher leader") is ill defined. It is used to discuss teachers who unofficially engage in a leadership role in activities that

Regressing Japans economic growth Literature review

Regressing Japans economic growth - Literature review Example This article is therefore relevant because it addresses the key points related to the yen/$ exchange rate and points to the prolonged stagnation in Japan. Hamada and Okada, in this article argue that in the 1980s, Japanese economy was marked by a phase of a speculative bubble. In the course of the 1980s, the state had a large commercial surplus with the U.S, exporting far much than its imports. Japan gained from a devalued currency, meaning that its exports became cheaper for the United States. Japans exports really flourished during this era till the leading American policy elites got concerned about the â€Å"disruptive force† of Japan in American economic living. To get a solution to this commercial imbalance, the Japanese regime permitted the yen to appreciate alongside the dollar in early 1986. This shortly led to an economic contraction and a decrease in the export-based electronics, automobile, and steel industry. The Central Bank of Japan made an effort to alleviate a weakening economy by lowering the official interest, which resulted in the historical documentation of high stock prices that were at the peak in 1989. The article further suggests that the large commercial surpluses, the low interest rates, and the strong yen swelled Japan’s monetary supply. The auto industry, which was the countries stronghold in industrial economy had dominated the markets, and wanted speculative outlets for their huge savings. On the other hand, banks were enthusiastic to lend money to people to purchase real estates. In 1987, when the gross national product (GNP) in Japan was 345 trillion yen, monetary assets went up by 382 trillion yen, as the land assets increased at 374 trillion yen. In addition, the banks... Even though Japan went through a crisis especially the worldwide recession in 2008, its present depression can be traced back to late 1980s and early 1990s as well as the collapse of the Equity markets and its housing. Many economists have researched on the â€Å"lost decade†, developing arguments about the causes and suitable policy responses that explain the issue. According to Schaltegger, C. A., & Weder, M, 2013, the monetary policy of the Bank of Japan at the end of 1980s is similar to the Federal Reserve’s strategy before the global financial catastrophe. Interest rates had been maintained at uniquely low levels for some good time even though the economic growth was strong and robust price increases in a number of financial assets were present. Interest rates then went up decisively and repeatedly from 2.5% to 6% in a period of 16 months. In the same way, the US learned the most important lessons as a result of the great depression; that monetary policy was too procyclical and restrictive, resulting to a downward spiral and deflation in economic activity. The federal reserve in America has committed itself to maintain interest rates close to zero till it reaches mid 2015 even if it means economic activities might be stronger than it is expected at present. On the other hand, Japan reduced interest rates more gradually from six to three percent within the foremost 15 months of the crisis. In connection to this, the impact was that persistent problems in the monetary field, slow growth, and deflation led Japans bank to lessen interest rates further to approximately 0.5% in September 1995.

Miracles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Miracles - Essay Example Importantly, the same underscores the nature of the Christian God as One who keeps His covenants. In Genesis, He gives Abraham a son, even if it is clear that Abraham was far from perfect. In Genesis, He protects the patriarchs miraculously in order to protect this covenant and the promise of the Messiah. For instance, God miraculously preserves Abraham from Pharaoh and Isaac from Abimelech. As a Sovereign Being, the God of the Bible has the right to annul contents of His covenants whimsically or justifiably, but He keeps His covenant instead. The miracles also reveal the nature of God as Just as He avenges the Israelites at the hands of Pharaoh, vis-Ã  -vis, the Ten Plagues of Egypt. Just as has been previously mentioned, God uses miracles to reveal not only His nature and Person, but also His name, as can be seen in Exodus 3. Miracles also prove God’s sovereignty over nature as is the case of the splitting of the Red Sea (Elwell, 1997). It is also important to acknowledge the fact that as co-workers with man, God can use man as the instrument through which His miraculous power and providence flows. Moses, Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah and Jeremiah are some of the people through whose hands miraculous works were wrought. In the New Testament, Jesus is the focal point of these miracles: He is the Miracle people had been waiting for (Isaiah 7:14); He is the miracle Worker; and the Person by whom God by His Spirit performs miracles. As such, the creative power is seen in Jesus giving sight to the blind and God’s power over death is seen in Jesus resurrecting Lazarus, Jairus’ daughter and later on Himself. God’s sovereignty over nature is seen in Him walking over water and rebuking the storm. All the revelation and intent that God wanted to communicate in the Old Covenant is fully and more clearly revealed, illustrated and expounded in the Person of Christ. The starting point for anyone

Science and its Impact on Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science and its Impact on Society - Essay Example However, in the recent past, there has been a growing awareness among society that the effects of science and related research are not always beneficial. The perception amongst people is that science will only lead to the destruction of nature eventually. That no matter what advancement in technology is enjoyed; the harmful effect on our planet in the name of research and science is increasingly being felt. Only those aspects of science receive attention in society which suit the goals or which inspire awe - this indicates that people at large read science because it serves their purpose or because the subject is topical, sensational or controversial. At most, only a handful read science for the sake of the knowledge it might impart. Much research is required to identify those subjects so that science could be made more popular and effective. Science was a great investment towards a better life and this resulted in the discovery of light waves and radio waves, the electric motors, the first photograph and telephone, and the first publication of the periodic table. There was also great controversy when Charles Each society is faced with the challenge of keeping its proper place in a world defined by economic and political change. Knowledge, in particular science, technology and innovation, is indispensable to meet this challenge. Scientific and technological progress results in new innovations that are an integral part of international competitiveness. This translates into what the society's needs and aspirations are, such as peace, jobs, security, health and sustainable development of the planet. Viewing science from two angles: The benefits are many: medical advancements have saved many lives; internet and increased access to information is definite; research in the field of weather has led to the predictions of storms and the study of astronomy has given society knowledge of the formation of Earth and of the solar system. The adverse effects are: The medicines prescribed come with their own side effects; and nuclear technology! This scientific knowledge has helped in creating bombs which are used for massacres and gruesome killings; it has also been used for energy, releasing radiation which causes medical problems to many. Factors controlling the usage of science: The relationship between science, controlled by the government, and society is a hostile one because the society that enjoys benefits of science cannot do anything to prevent the side-effects of science - it is powerless to take action to curb the harmful turn of events that result from science; especially more so if the science is

3 questions to be answered Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3 questions to be answered - Essay Example The strain is caused by the unexpected change in the number of patients requiring attention and care (Kaplan, Sadler and Little). Such changes may strain the organization’s infrastructure and lead to serious challenges to the organization if there is not government support for the operations. Natural calamities are uncontrollable and may lead to displacement of a large population while also encouraging the outbreak of vector borne diseases that may spread faster. Global or international conflicts may lead to war which affects political stability and the provision of the necessary services. Peace facilitates easier accessibility to the affected population, but if the area is marred with conflict the cost of operation may be increased due to the engagement of security personnel in the process. Conflicts pose a greater challenge than natural calamity because of it is influenced by the action of the state or individuals within the government. They may intimidate the population requiring the medical attention (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare organizations). For example, the Alshabaab militia group forced the population not to engage in vaccination which in turn affected children’s health. Such actions in conflict areas led to poor health among the population. In addition, the organization working in the area is forced to leave as a result of intimidation. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare organizations. Health Care at the Crossroads: strategies for creating and sustaining community-wide Emergency preparedness Systems. New York: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare organizations, 2002. Online Kaplan, Susan, et al. Can Sustainable Hospitals Help Bend the Health Care Cost Curve? 12 November 2012. 25 November 2012 .

Kim Emighs Ethical Dilemma and Moral Courage Essay

Kim Emighs Ethical Dilemma and Moral Courage - Essay Example There will be SEC violations and you need to make everybody aware of it. It was audacious because he was not just being direct at admonishing a superior of a wrongdoing but also told him directly to make the authorities aware of it. In so doing, he jeopardized not only his career, which later proved that action to be fatal as he was fired, but also his relationship with other fellow workers. He also ran the danger of being fired which later happened but under the guise of corporate reduction, as he was directly telling his superiors that â€Å"you are doing a criminal act† and you will be reported. Although Kim Emigh’s admonishment to his superior to make the authorities be made aware of it didn’t exactly happened as he was later fired, the gesture just showed personal integrity and an unbending professionalism on Kim Emigh’s part not to commit nor be a part of any fraud adhering to the ethical principle of his profession to be objective and not to misrepr esent nor falsify any accounting records no matter who you are going against or fight with.

The symbol of the relationship between Amir and Hassan Essay Example for Free

The symbol of the relationship between Amir and Hassan Essay In the book Kite Runner, the main characters Amir and Hassan have special relationships. Amir is in the superior position, while Hassan is the submissive one to Amir. As Hassan was Amir’s servant, Hassan sacrificed himself in order to forgive Amir’s sins. Amir realized that his sins were not simple mistakes that could be forgiven. Amir’s abuse of his superiority brought him only sufferings to himself, not any benefits. This created the Fall in the relationship and eventually that fall brought the end, death, to their relationship. However, Amir’s dedication to wash his guilt brought a rebirth to their relationship in the end. Amir and Hassan’s relationship was very complicated, as their relationship undermined chronologically. At first, their relationship was very pleasant almost as close as if they were in a same bloodline; â€Å"Then he would remind us that there was a brotherhood between people who had fed from the same breast, a kinship that not even time could break †¦ We took our first steps on the same lawn in the same yard† (Hosseini 11). This explains that they were like brothers since they were born. However, the perspectives of the people do not allow two people with different classes to get along well: â€Å"We were at Ghargha Lake, you[Amir] , me[Hassan] , Father, Agha sahib, Rahim Khan, and thousands of other people †¦ no one was swimming because they said a monster had come to the lake †¦ and before anyone can stop you[Amir], you dive into the water, start swimming away. I[Hassan] follow you in and we’re both swimming †¦ We turn to the shore and wave to the people †¦ They see now. There is no monster, just water† (Hosseini 59-60). This shows that even though there was social discrimination between Pasthun and Hazara, they could get along well. After the kite fighting, Hassan wanted to bring Amir the blue kite back for him. He left to search for the kite and said, â€Å"For you, a thousand times over† (Hosseini 67). This shows that Hassan is in good relationship with Amir, not just as a servant, but still as a friend. However, the sacrifice for the kite was willingly done by Hassan and the guilt Amir got from Hassan’s deed undermined their relationship. This change in relationship was shown during the pomegranate scene: â€Å"Hit me back! † I[Amir] spat. â€Å"Hit me back goddamn you! † I wished he[Hassan] would. I wished he’d give me the punishment I craved, so maybe I’d finally sleep at night †¦ Then Hassan did pick up a pomegranate. He opened it and crushed it against his own forehead. â€Å"There,† †¦ â€Å"Are you satisfied? Do you feel better? † (Hosseini 92-93). Moreover, Amir explained about the change in their relationship like this: â€Å"There is no monster, he’d said, just water. Except he’d been wrong about that. There was a monster in the lake. It had grabbed Hassan by the ankles, dragged him to the murky bottom. I was that monster† (Hosseini 86). The relationship worsened and eventually fell apart when Hassan and Ali left Amir’s house. Amir and Baba left Kabul and went to the United States for peaceful life. Although Amir grew older and a long time passed, he could not forget about his sin toward Hassan. The death of the relationship he created was too intense for Amir to overcome. In order to live without guilt, he searched a way to settle everything as it were before; Amir went back to Kabul in order to wash his sin with Farid’s help. His eager to get recognized by his father when he was little led him go to Kabul and risk his life to cleanse his past and to reinvigorate the relationship between Amir and Hassan. â€Å"I felt at peace. I laughed because I saw that, in some hidden nook in a corner of my mind, I’d even been looking forward to this. I remembered the day on the hill I had pelted hassan with pomegranates and tried to provoke him he’d taken the pomegranate from my hand, crushed it against his forehead †¦ I hadn’t been happy and I hadn’t felt better, not at all. But I did now. My body was broken but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed† (Hosseini 289). As a result of this treatment, Amir recreated the lost friendship and restructured the old family, however, without the barrier between the superior and the inferior. In the end, Amir forgave himself by establishing the new relationship between him and Sorab. The resolution of the story is reached by the love Amir provided to Sorab with the â€Å"Kite†. Just like Hassan, the kite runner for Amir with the self-sacrifice, Amir became Sorab’s kite runner in order to give him love that he failed to give to Hassan. Amir also said this to his son, Sorab: â€Å"For you, a thousand times over† (Hosseini 371). This decorates the grand finale of the story with happy-ending. Social Conflicts: the Superior and the Inferior According to the book â€Å"Kite Runner†, it deals with the conflict between the superior and the inferior: Pashtun and Hazara. As it was shown in the book, the inferior suffers with the sacrifice and the superior abuses his power for his own satisfaction. These things actually has been happening in the real life in many cultures. A lot of incidents are the â€Å"Fall† of the human societies that need to be fixed, but cannot because of the influence of other people and the culture. More specifically, race, gender and ages are the main Falls of the human societies that can still be seen throughout the world. In terms of race, this problem has still not been completely solved; there are still a lot of racist movements and creating stereotypical jokes about races. These racist movements come from a thought that specific ethnic group feels that they are superior to the others, such as Nazis. For example, in Korea, we have a lot of stereotypical thoughts about specific ethnic groups. A lot of people are very racist against black people just because they were the victims of the slaves before the equality movements. Some people even refer the black people as â€Å"black slaves† or other slangs that we have, similar to the English racist word, the â€Å"n-word†. I personally consider this a serious problem. We also think that Japanese people are bad because of our dependency on the past perspectives. In the past our views toward the Japanese were terrible because of the Japanese occupation in Korea. Moreover, we often generalize about the Japanese people because the government is wrong and a person states a wrong view. For example, there is a Korean island, Dokdo. It has been our territory for over a thousand year, and recently, the Japanese government decided to teach the children that Dokdo is theirs, calling it in their own way, Dakesima. This was one of the reason we started to hate the Japanese people, when we actually have to hate the Japanese government. These racist thoughts are not disappearing but turning into some kind of jokes that people make fun of other races. More of a general topic is gender. The human genders are equal according to the laws, however, there are still discrimination between men and women. Throughout the history, men have been superior to women because men are stronger. Even though it’s been improved, women have disadvantages in a lot of matters. For example, my cousin is 29, and she works as a teacher at a school. There are two English teachers and she is one of them. I was mad that our society is still biased that men are better than women when she said that even though they teach same amount of time, she gets less money than the other teacher, just because she is a woman and the other teacher is a man. We can see this kind of Fall in more global terms; there has been no woman president yet in America and in many other countries. This shows that people are biased against women, but do not show that they are prejudiced. This clearly shows the Fall of our societies in terms of gender issues. Last one is very specific issue that as far as I know, only two countries have troubles with: Japan and Korea. It was originally a Japanese culture that derived from Confucianism about how elders must be respected by the younger ones. This seems like a general rule that a lot of people go by, but this was a little bit extreme in Japan to the extent where only one year difference makes the older one the superior and the younger one the inferior. This culture came into Korea when Korea was under Japanese rule. It is still in practice even among the McCallie Korean community. First of all the most ridiculous aspect about this custom is that we use polite language to the older ones. For example, if it was for English, we would put Mr.or Mrs. in front of their name and we would not say anything that will offend the older ones, not even jokes. It really reflects the relationship between Amir and Hassan. I can compare the older people to Amir and the younger people to Hassan. The older and younger people have friendship but also the younger one has to respect the older ones, just like Hassan obeys Amir. This is a â€Å"Fall† in korean societies. I think it is too conservative culture that we keep for no reason. We have Confucianism rooted in our societies even the parts that should not be applied in nowadays. Overall, globally, there are still a lot of â€Å"Falls† that we can connect to the relationship between Amir and Hassan. Race superiority, gender difference, and status difference by age are just categories that we should get rid of because they are out of date. According to the laws, all the race and gender are the same. The custom about the age in Korea and Japan is very inefficient custom that will hold us back from economic growth and political growth. These are the â€Å"Falls† that might bring â€Å"Death† to our societies, which we might not be able to find a way to recuperate. Therefore, we should just stop the â€Å"Fall†s and rise up. Writer’s Memo By doing this project, I could really focus on Analysis with quotations and connecting the main themes of the analysis with my personal essay. When I first talked about the project with Mr. Chakwin, I was still not sure about the essay writing about the Korean society because it was weird to criticize my own culture. On the other hand, I thought this could be a great experience writing a paper about problems that I encounter in the near society. Moreover, by reading the Kite Runner, I truly understood how we can see the Falls in our societies that need to be fixed. It was a bit of a shock to realize that we still have so many problems in our world, which should have been resolved in the earlier era. I think it was very worthwhile moment I had writing and really think about the problems that my generation will have to deal with in the future. Process Journal For the process of this project, I shared this document through e-mail so you can see the revision history. I basically thought of the things to write when you were talking about the pomegranate scene during the class and how that could relate to specific examples. I started writing in the writing center, but since I don’t have Microsoft Word on my computer, I just sent myself an e-mail of the work process. So you can’t see the earlier works that I did before the exam week, but you can still see how my essay changed Bibliography Chakwin, Tim. Talk about the Pomegranate Scene. Personal interview. May 2013. Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. New York: Riverhead, 2003. Print. Larson, Marisa. Hazara People. National Geographic. National Geographic, 17th June 2008. Web. 29 May 2013..

General Educational Development Questions Essay Example for Free

General Educational Development Questions Essay 1.Why are dogs mans best friends? Dogs are called mans best friend for many reasons. For hundreds of years, dogs have been friendly, loyal and protective of their human owners. For just as many years, dogs have accepted the love and affection of humans and have been greeting them with a wag of the tail all this time. A dog still wants to be your buddy and play with you even if youre in a bad mood or havent spent much time with him recently. They dont judge us for things like that, they just keep wagging.All a dog wants is to be loved and loved back. 2. Why are Hurricanes Dangerous? Hurricanes are considered to be very dangerous because they are deadly and are formed from strong tropical storms. When hurricanes happen, they result in heavy rains and strong winds that can sweep humans, buildings and livestock, cause inland flooding, marine hazards and even tornadoes. With that combination, they inflict widespread destruction and can result in a large loss of life. 3. Is addiction a disease.? â€Å"Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.Addiction is characterized by inability to consistently abstain, impairment in behavioral control, craving, diminished recognition of significant problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships, and a dysfunctional emotional response. Like other chronic diseases, addiction often involves cycles of relapse and remission. Without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death [emphasis added].† 4.Why is getting my diploma important.?  A high school diploma is important to my future, because college admissions counselors and potential employers usually wont consider you unless you have one. If I were to get a high school diploma and not need it, not much would have been lost. However, if I were to not get a high school diploma and then end up in a situation in which I needed it, I would be in a bad position. Even people who decide to open their own business might need business classes, meaning they would likely need to be accepted by a college or university, therefore having to present a high school diploma. It seems like many employers and facilities of higher education are willing to accept a GED in place of a high school diploma, but not all of them are. In addition, in order to pass my GED, I should have knowledge of things learned in high school. So it makes sense to stick it out and get the diploma. 5. Why you like or dislike Miami.? I like it because its nice and warm with beaches, and because its the Spanish Hollywood of the United States. I dislike it because of the streets that tend to get dirty, but overall theyre fine. 6. Reasons why Math is important. Math is hugely important. Pretty much everything you do involves math. All careers invlove some type of math and even if you dont have a career you still use math everyday. Think about how many times a day you estimate something or figure out some type of math problem. You do use math whether you realize it or not. Some jobs like an artist might not catch people as a math job but you have to add up totals of money in order to sell your art, or even when etimating paint utencils and other stuff. 7. Why is your best friend so special.? My mother is my best friend, ive known her all my life. Shes the only person I know that will listen to me, not judge, offer honest and real advice without having other motives. Shes just like me but were different in so many ways. I feel so blessed to have a best friend who is actually family. We can share everything from clothes, to purses, to hair items and know well get it back lol.! I feel so blessed to have someone so wonderful in my life. The special for me is that I always gonna have her and her pure love. 8. Why is Tanning in the sun Dangerous.? Some people think having a tan gives them a healthy glow. But a tan really shows that the skin is trying to protect itself from sun damage. Sun damage can lead to premature aging (wrinkles!), eye damage and skin cancer. Even indoor tanning is not without risk. Tanning beds and lamps can expose you to even more harmful ultraviolet light than the sun does. And tanning products such as self-tanners,sunless sprays and pills can expose you to additional risks, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Before you try to get a tan, you should learn how and why our skin tans. When a type of radiation is exposed to the skin, the skin responds by producing melanin. Melanin is a dark substance that helps prevent the body from taking in too many harmful sun rays that can damage skin. The sun produces two kinds of rays, UVA and UVB. UVB rays are around all year and UVA rays are mostly present only during the summer. UVA rays are regarded as safer and they cause the skin to age, while UVB rays cause the skin to burn. However, both of these types of rays are harmful and dangerous in large quantities. Overexposure to the sun can cause sunburn and even skin cancer.

Conventional Sensors and Optical Fiber Sensors

Conventional Sensors and Optical Fiber Sensors ABSTRACT This study deals with the comparison of the two types of sensors which are widely used in civil engineering, namely, conventional sensors and optical fiber sensors. Temperature and displacement are the two principal parameters which are measured with the aid of Fiber optic sensors. Bragg Grating, Interferometric, Intensity Sensors, and optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) are some of the techniques which are used for sensing. In this study, various case studies have been undertaken and have been analyzed. With the aid of these case studies, a detailed analysis and comparison of the sensors is carried out. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION In the last two decades, the world has witnessed a revolution in the sectors of optoelectronics and fiber optic communications. Various products such as laser printers and bar code scanners which have become a part of our daily usage, are a result of this technical revolution only. The reasons for the phenomenal growth of the fiber optics are many. The most conspicuous reason being the ability of the fiber optics to provide high performance and highly reliable communication links and that too at a very low bandwidth cost. As we see that optoelectronic and fiber communications industry has progressed a lot, and along with these industries fiber optic sensors have also benefited a lot from these developments. Due to the mass production in these industries, availability of fiber optic sensors at a low cost has been made possible in recent years. With their availability at affordable costs, fiber optic sensors have been able to enter the domain which was otherwise being ruled by the trad itional sensors. In recent years, the demand for the development of new materials to strengthen, upgrade and retrofit existing aged and deteriorated concrete structures has increased rapidly. The continuing deterioration and functional deficiency of existing civil infrastructure elements represents one of the most significance challenges facing the worlds construction and civil engineers. Deficiencies in existing concrete structures caused by initial flawed design due to insufficient detailing at the time of construction, aggressive chemical attacks and ageing of structural elements enhance an urgent need of finding an effective means to improve the performance of these structures without additionally increasing the overall weight, maintenance cost and time. In the last 50 years, a large number of civil concrete structures have been built; many of these structures, particularly in off-shore regions have now deteriorated and require repair in a short period of time. Moreover, the increase of traffic volume and population in many developing countries is causing the demand to upgrade existing concrete structures to increase. The damage of reinforced concrete (RC) structures through reinforcement corrosion and residual capacity are the most important issues that concern engineers. These problems occur not only in constructed concrete structures but also in structures strengthened by externally bonded steel reinforcements. In the past, the external steel plate bonding method has been used to improve strength in the tensile region of concrete structures with an epoxy adhesive and has proved to be successful over a period of 20 years. However, the use of steel reinforced plates and bars has its disadvantages including high corrosion rates, which could adversely affect the bond strength and cause surface spalling of the concrete, due to volumetric change in the corroded steel reinforcements. Since the early 1980s, fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) materials have been used as a replacement for conventional steel materials for concrete strengthening applications. In recent years, the interest in utilizing FRP materials in the civil concrete industry in forms of rods, plates, grid and jacket has grown increasingly. When an FRP plate with high tensile strength properties bonds on the concrete surface, it can strengthen the structure with minimum changes to its weight and dimensions. FRP offers substantial improvement in solving many practical problems that conventional materials cannot solve to provide a satisfactory service life of the structure. Unlike the conventional steel materials, FRP is corrosion resistant. The beneficial characteristics of using the FRP in concrete construction include its high strength-to-weight ratio, low labour requirement, ease of application, reduced traffic interruption during repair, cost reductions in both transportation and in situ maintenance for a long-term strategy. Its high damping characteristic also attracts more structural engineers to use these materials for seismic retrofitting. Due to the increasing use of FRP-plate bonding techniques in strengthening civil concrete structures, the interest in finding a suitable means of monitoring the structural health conditions of these strengthened structures has therefore increased substantially. Since strengthened structures are covered by the FRP plates, the mechani cal properties of the concrete may not be measured or detected easily through conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods, such as strain measurements using surface mounted strain gauges or extensometers, radiography, thermography and acoustic emission methods, particularly in areas with microcracks and debonds underneath the externally-bonded plate. Besides, these structural inspection technologies, in certain cases, require special surface preparations or a high degree of flatness in the concrete surface. These requirements may be hard to achieve, particularly for an area that is exposed to a harsh environment. During the 1990s, a multi-disciplinary field of engineering known as Smart Structures has developed as one of the most important research topics in the field.The structure is formed by a marriage of engineering materials with structurally-integrated sensor systems. The system is capable of assessing damage and warning of impending weakness in the structural integrity of the structure. Fibre-optic sensor technology is a most attractive device currently used in the aerospace and aircraft industry for on-line monitoring of large-scale FRP structures. The development of distributed fibreoptic sensors, which provides information on a large number of continuously distribution parameters such as strain and temperature is of great interest in most engineering applications.11,12 The sensors are embedded into a structure to form a novel self-strainmonitoring system, i.e. the system can self-detect its health status and send response signals to operators during any marginal situation during service. The embedding sensor, due to its extremely small physical size, can provide the information to a high accuracy and resolution without influencing the dimension and mechanical properties of the structure. Fibre-optic sensors present a number of advantages over the conventional strain measuring devices: (a) providing an absolute measurement that is sensitive to fluctuation in irradiance of the illuminating source; (b) enabling the measurement of the strain in different locations in only one single optical fibre by using multiplexing techniques;(c) having a low manufacturing cost for mass production; and (d) its ability to be embedded inside a structure without influencing the mechanical properties of the host material. A new development of Smart materials and structures was driven by a strong demand for high performance over recent years. A system integrated into structures and being able to monitor its hosts physical and mechanical properties such as temperature and strain, during service is appreciated as a Smart structural health monitoring system. The term smart material and structure is widely used to describe the unique marriage of material and structural engineering by using fibre-optic sensors and actuation control technology. The smart structure is constructed of materials that can continuously monitor their own mechanical and physical properties, and thereby, be capable of assessing damage and warning of impending weakness in structural integrity. This design concept results in improved safety and economic concerns regarding the weight saving and avoidance of over-designing of the structure in the long run. In Fig. 1, a schematic illustration of the structures possibilities created by the confluence of the four disciplines is shown. In the figure, a structure invested with actuating, sensing and neutral networking systems to form a new class of adaptive structures is shown. A structure with integrated sensor or actuator systems is able to provide a self-structural health monitoring or actuating response, respectively. If both systems are integrated together into a structure, the sensor and actuators can act as nervous and muscular systems, like a human body, to sense the conditions such as mechanical strain and temperature of the structure (a smart structure) and to provide control of such changes of stiffness, shape and vibration mode (a controlled structure). The combination of these two systems into one structure is called a Smart adaptive structure. This structure with a built-in neural networking system, like a brain, is then able to self evaluate the conditions, which are based on changes of structural parameters, thermal conditions and ambient environments to give an appropriate mechanical adjustment. This structure is commonly called an Intelligent adaptive structure. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY There has been an unprecedented development in the fields of optoelectronics and fiber optic communications. This in turn, has brought about a revolution in the sectors of telecommunication and various other industries. This has been made possible with the aid of high performance and reliable telecommunication links which have low bandwidth cost. Optical fibers have numerous advantages and some disadvantages. The advantages include their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference and high sensitivity. On the other hand, some of its disadvantages are their high cost and unfamiliarity to the end user. But its great advantages completely overshadow its minor disadvantages. So, in this study an attempt is being made to compare the modern age fiber optic sensors with the conventional sensors. Also, with the aid of the case studies, the impact of fiber optic sensor technology on monitoring of civil structures is studied (McKinley and Boswell 2002). 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT In the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors. Presently, there exist a number of problems with the existing civil infrastructures. These civil infrastructures such as bridges etc. have a pretty long service period which may amount to several decades or maybe even hundred years. Thus, during this time period, these structures suffer from corrosion, fatigue and extreme loading. Since concrete is used mostly in these civil infrastructures, it degradation is a major issue all over the world. The amount of degradation and the time when the degradation starts depends on various factors and is inevitable and unavoidable. Thus, in order to keep these civil structures in good condition, it becomes necessary that their condition be monitored and adequate steps be taken. Thus, we need sensors which can monitor these structures throughout the life of these structures. Thus, in this study the impact of fiber optic sensors is studied on civil structures. 1.3 OBJECTIVES There are a few objectives that are planned to be achieved at the end of this project, these are: A general discussion on the present state of structural monitoring and the need of fiber optic sensors in this field A general study on Comparison between Conventional Sensors and Optical Fiber Sensors Review of Case Studies on Fiber Optic Sensors application in Civil Engineering Structures 1.4 WORK PLAN Discussion, reading and observation Problem identification through reading, discussion and observation of the area studied Understand and identify the background of problem Studying feasibility and needs to carry out the investigation Identification of the Title for the project Identify the aim, objective and scope of the project Literature Review Understanding the background of the problem Understanding the history of the sensor technology in structural monitoring Carrying out literature survey on generic technologies of sensors for concrete structures Identify the types of sensor involved in monitoring the structural in civil engineering Identify the technique used and the working principle for each type of sensors (in particular optical fiber sensors) Case Study Choose the relevant and related case study for discussion Describe important aspects of case study Analyze the use of sensors in the case study Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations Discuss the similarities and differences Discuss the technical facets of sensor application Draw the overall conclusion for this project Give some recommendation for future Chapter 2: APPLICATIONS These days the fiber optic sensors are being used for a variety of applications, the most prominent of them being: Measurement of rotation and acceleration of bodies Measurement of electric and magnetic fields Measurement of temperature and pressure of bodies Measurement of acoustics and vibrations of various bodies Measurement of strain, viscosity and chemical properties of materials Measurement of surface condition and tactile sensing Measurement of sound , speed and proximity of bodies Determination of color and weight of different objects Measurement of linear and angular positions and this is widely utilized in civil engineering structures 2.1 ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Like with any other technology, there are both advantages and disadvantages using fiber optic sensors. The prominent advantages being: Fiber optic sensors are lightweight and this is of great importance in case of engineered structures Fiber optic sensors are of smaller size as compared to the traditional sensors Also, fiber optic sensors consume less power as compared to the traditional sensors Along with this, these sensors show high resistance to electromagnetic interference as compared to the traditional sensors On top of this, fiber optic sensors have enjoy high bandwidth and high sensitivity as compared to their traditional counterparts Fiber optic sensors are usually embedded in objects and due to this, these sensors can gain access to areas which till date remain inaccessible with the aid of traditional sensors Also, these sensors are accurate over a greater dynamic range as compared to the traditional sensors Fiber optic sensors are also capable of being multiplexed which again is a further advantage over their traditional counterparts Also, fiber optic sensors are capable of distributed measurements which gives them an edge over and above the traditional sensors Last but not the least, they also show greater environmental ruggedness as compared to the traditional sensors 2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS But all this is just one side of the coin. Though on seeing these advantages, it might appear that fiber optic sensors are way too advanced as compared to the traditional ones, but it is not exactly true. These fiber optic sensors also have some disadvantages due to which their advancement in todays world has been somewhat curtailed. The major disadvantages of fiber optic sensors are: Fiber optic sensors are quite costly as compared to the traditional sensors. Due to this, many people still consider traditional sensors to be a better option in cases where cost is a major consideration. Secondly, these sensors have come into prominence only in the last two decades. Due to this, people appear to be somewhat less educated regarding their usage and operations. And this unfamiliarity with the usage of these sensors, has proved to be a major hurdle in being able to capture the whole market. Also, these sensors are considered to be more fragile as compared to the traditional sensors which raises a question over their adaptability in extreme conditions Also with the fiber optic sensors there exists the inherit ingress/egress difficulty Fiber optic sensors usually have a non-linear output which is a cause for concern in some applications From the above discussion, we can see that as is the case with any other new technology, there are both merits and demerits of fiber optic sensors. But, what is worth considering here is that the advantages of this technology are much more than its disadvantages and are able to outweigh them. Also, from the demerits which are mentioned here, it is clear that these demerits are bound to wither away as this technology develops and gains more prominence. 2.3 APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Now we come to the discussion of the need and applications of the fiber optic sensors in the field of civil engineering structures. The monitoring of civil structures has a great significance in todays world. Today, we not only need to construct reliable and strong civil structures, but we also need to monitor these structures in order to ensure their proper functioning and their safety. Also, with the aid of the monitoring of various parameters of the structures, we can get knowledge about state of the building and by using this data, we can in turn plan the maintenance schedule for the structure (Mckinley, 2000). Also, this data can give us an insight into the real behavior of the structure and can thus take make important decisions regarding the optimization of similar structures which are to b e constructed in future. The maintenance of the structures can be approached in one of the two ways, namely: Material point of view- In this approach, monitoring is concentrated on local properties of the materials which are used in the construction. In this approach, we observe the behavior of the construction materials under the conditions of load, temperature etc. In this approach, short base length sensors are usually utilized. Also, it is possible to get the information about the whole structure with the aid of extrapolation of the data obtained from these sensors. Structural point of view- In this approach of measurement, the structure is viewed from a geometrical point of view. In this approach, long gauge length sensors appear to be the ideal choice. In this approach, we will be able to detect material degradation only if this material degradation has an impact on the form of the structure. In the recent years most of the research work which has been carried out in field of optic sensors has been in the field of material monitoring rather than structural monitoring. It is also worth mentioning here that, more sensors are required in the case of material monitoring as compared to structural monitoring. We know that civil engineering requires sensors that can be embedded in the concrete, mortars, steel, rocks, soil, road pavements etc. and can measure various parameters reliably. Also what should be taken into account is that these sensors should be easy to install and should not hamper the construction work or the properties of the structure in any derogatory manner. Also, it is common knowledge that at the sites of civil engineering, there exist the unavoidable conditions of dust, pollution, electromagnetic disturbances and of unskilled labor. Thus, the sensors to be used in these cases need to be rugged, should be inert to harsh environment conditions and should be easy to install and their installation could be carried out by unskilled labor. Along with all these things, it is imperative that these sensors are able to survive a period of at least ten years so that they can allow for a constant monitoring of the aging of the structure. Thus, we see that the fiber optic sensors ca n prove to be quite handful in civil engineering applications and structures. In the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors (Vurpillot et al., 1998). Chapter 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ON FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Fiber optic sensors are of many kinds, but they can be broadly classified into two types, namely, extrinsic fiber optic sensors and intrinsic fiber optic sensors. There is a great deal of difference between these two types of fiber optic sensors and this difference is discussed in detail below. 3.1 EXTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS This type of fiber optic sensor is also known as hybrid fiber optic sensor. As we can see in the figure above that there is a black box and an input fiber enters into this black box. And from this input fiber, information is impressed upon light beam. There can be various ways by which the information can be impressed upon. Usually this information is impressed upon the light beam in terms of frequency or polarization. This light which then posses the information is carried away by the optical fiber. The optical fiber now goes to an electronic processor. (Vurpillot et al., 1998) Here, in the electronic processor the information which is brought along by the fiber is processed. Though we can have separate input fiber and output fiber, but in some cases it is preferred to have the same fiber as the input fiber and the output fiber. 3.2 INTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Intrinsic fiber optic sensors Extrinsic fiber optic sensors In this sensor, the fiber itself acts as the sensor medium In this sensor, the fiber does not act as the sensor medium. It merely acts as a light delivery and collection system In this fiber optic sensor, the light never leaves the medium and always stays inside the medium In this fiber optic sensor, the light leaves the medium, then it is altered in some way and is collected by another fiber. 3.3 INTENSITY BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS While there exist various kinds of fiber optic sensors today, but the most common of these sensors is the hybrid type fiber optic sensor which depends upon intensity modulation in order to carry out the measurements (Zako et al., 1995) The functioning of this fiber optic sensor is quite simple. In this fiber optic sensor, light enters from one side. And when this light exits from the other side, it exits in the form of a cone and the angle of this cone depends on two parameters. The two parameters upon which the angle of this cone depends are: Firstly, it depends on the index of refraction of the core Secondly, it depends on the cladding of the optical fiber Also, the amount of light captured by the second optic fiber depends on a number of factors. The prominent factors on which the amount of light captured depend are: It depends on the acceptance angle It also depends on the distance d between the optical fibers Another type of fiber optic sensor is the flexible mounted mirror sensor. The important characteristics of this sensor are: In this case, a mirror is mounted which is used to respond to external parameters such as pressure. The modulation in intensity is caused the shifts in the mirror position. These sensors are used in a variety of applications such as door closures. In a door closure, a reflective strip is used. These sensors are used to measure small variations and displacements 3.4 LINEAR POSITION SENSORS In todays world, linear position sensors have become widely applicable. They are being used for various purposes (Zako et al., 1995). In many of the linear positioning sensors, wavelength division multiplexing is used. An illustration of the linear position sensor is shown in the figure below. The various components of this linear position sensor are: It consists of a broadband light source It consists of various detectors as shown in the figure above It also consists of wavelength division multiplexing element which acts as the principal component of this instrument. It also consists of an encoder card In the example above, a broadband light source is utilized. The light from this broadband source is carried to a wavelength division multiplexing system with the aid of a single optic fiber. The wavelength division multiplexing system is used to determine the linear position. Another linear motion sensing method which is very widely used today and is quite similar to the method discussed above is known as the time division multiplexing method. In this method instead of a broadband light source a light pulse is used. Here, the combination of the returned signals takes place. As a result of this combination of the returned signals, the net signal which is produced moves onto the position of the encoder card. The main areas in which these intensity based fiber optic sensors have found application are: In commercial aircrafts In military aircrafts In these applications these modern sensors have performed quite well and are at par with the performance of the conventional sensors. But, because of the various advantages these sensors enjoy over and above the conventional sensors, these modern sensors are bound to replace the conventional sensors in the years to come. 3.5 LIQUID LEVEL SENSORS This is another type of intensity based fiber optic sensor. In the functioning of this sensor, the principle of total internal reflection is utilized. Thus, in these sensors the refraction index of the glass and the fiber occupy the pivotal role. These sensors can be utilized for a variety of purposes. The most prominent of its applications are: Measurement of pressure changes in gels Measurement of pressure changes in various liquids Measurement of refractive index changes in gels Measurement of refractive index changes in different types of liquids Measurement of the level of a liquid in a vessel and this application is utilized in various industries to measure liquid levels These sensors have an accuracy of about 5 percent and are gaining importance in various industries for their usefulness. 3.6 SOFO SENSORS These are fiber optic sensors which are utilized for strain measurement. These sensors have become quite popular owing to their innate merits. Out of all the fiber optic sensors, these sensors are the ones which are being used most extensively today. These sensors are being used to measure curvature and various other parameters in giant civil structures. These sensors form a part of the interferometric system (Vurpillot et al., 1998). Also, these sensors have the ability of measuring the parameters in an absolute manner using low-coherent light. The important properties of these sensors are: These fiber optic sensors enjoy a high resolution. The resolution of these sensors is 2 Â µm These sensors can be of varied lengths. Their length can be as small as 0.2m or can be as large as 20m. Also, these sensors have the property of being temperature compensated The SOFO system setup consists of a number of equipments. The main components of the SOFO system setup are: It consists of a fiber optic sensor which forms the crux of this monitoring system. It is the most important component of the monitoring system. It consists of a sensor chain with partial reflectors. One terminal of this sensor is connected to the coupler Another terminal of the sensor chain with partial reflectors is connected to the LED. The coupler in turn is connected to the photo diode and a mobile mirror. This whole portable reading unit is connected to portable computer terminal. This ensures that that the whole monitoring system can be taken to the location and can be directly used at site. These sensors can be utilized in two ways. They can either be embedded in the structure at the time of the construction of the structure. Or, they can used to measure the various parameters externally. Though in both the cases, that is, in case of embedding or in the case of external anchoring, the performance of the sensors remains the same, but still, in modern smart structures, embedding is preferred (Perez 2001). .This is because, in the case of embedded sensors, the sensors continuously measure the parameters and are easy to manage. Whereas in the older structures, where embedding is not preferred, external anchoring is used. Chapter 4: CASE STUDIES Case study 1: Monitoring of San Giorgio pier San Giorgio pier is a massive concrete structure. Its length is about 400metres. It is very essential to carry out its monitoring in order to know about its deformation. This in turn, is very useful in determining the safety of this pier. At this pier, it was earlier proposed to use the conventional methods to monitor the deformation. This involved the use of conventional sensors for measurement. But, the problem with this method was that in the case of conventional sensors, we could get the data of the various parameters of the pier for only a short period. And, as we know that in order to determine anything conclusively about such large concrete structures we need data for a very long period. But, here as it was the case with the conventional sensors, we could get data only for short periods. Thus, with the aid of the conventional methods which were employing conventional sensors, we could not say anything conclusively. (Andrea Del Grosso et al.) Thus, there existed the need to emp loy fiber optic sensors in order to determine the deformation of this massive pier. It was possible to measure the deformation of this pier with the aid of the fiber optic sensors because of the following advantages which the fiber optic sensors enjoy over and above the conventional sensors: Fiber optic sensors are long base strain sensors and this property of the fiber optic sensors was very important in this case. This was because, as the pier was a massive concrete structure, therefore, measurement of

Oliver Cromwell Essay -- Biography

A strong man, with skillful military ability, helped to construct a plan to overthrow King Charles I during his reign of tyranny (Iggulden, Conn and Iggulden 79). Oliver Cromwell was well-known as one of the most controversial heroes of his time. Cromwell played a big part in the military as a soldier and a general. He was also a part of the English Parliament, which was somewhat corrupt during this time period. Oliver Cromwell was born April 25, 1599, in Huntingdon, England; near the end of the Elizabethan age (Kaplan 5). Cromwell was the son of the wealthy Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. Oliver was vaguely related to Thomas Cromwell; Henry VIII's minister. His early years were ordinary; he went to Huntingdon Grammar School, and went on to complete his education at Sidney Sussex College (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). In the year of 1616 Cromwell attended Sidney Sussex College, where he earned a reputation for his commitment to Puritanism. There he was noted for his enthusiasm for sports and games rather than for his academic abilities. Cromwell's university career was cut short when his father died June 1617 and he returned home to manage his family estate and to look after his widowed mother and seven unmarried sisters (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). So during those years he lived in London; where he began drinking and wrenching. Through those years his behavior was very much frowned upon in his society (â€Å"Cromwell: Profiles in Power†). On August 22, 1620, at the age of twenty-one he married Elizabeth Bourchier, the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a wealthy leather merchant. Oliver and his wife had a total of nine children, only eight of them survived infancy. Robert was the oldest child who was born October 1621, died aged 17 ... ...s power to Cromwell. This is ironic because Cromwell and the Parliament were fighting for equal power. The Parliament easily gave away their power without any disagreements. He had more power than King Charles would have ever hoped to have. Cromwell used the Parliament to his advantage; he influenced Parliament into funding just about everything he wanted to do. During that time Parliament helped to fund English wars and stop royalist rebellions (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). Cromwell was an excellent military general but not such a great leader. Oliver Cromwell died September 3, 1658 from malaria (Iggulden, Conn and Iggulden 120). His successor was his fifth son Richard but, his reign did not last long. In 1660 Monarchy returned to England and Charles II the son of Charles I became king. Cromwell’s body was embalmed and was secretly held in Westminster Abbey. Oliver Cromwell Essay -- Biography A strong man, with skillful military ability, helped to construct a plan to overthrow King Charles I during his reign of tyranny (Iggulden, Conn and Iggulden 79). Oliver Cromwell was well-known as one of the most controversial heroes of his time. Cromwell played a big part in the military as a soldier and a general. He was also a part of the English Parliament, which was somewhat corrupt during this time period. Oliver Cromwell was born April 25, 1599, in Huntingdon, England; near the end of the Elizabethan age (Kaplan 5). Cromwell was the son of the wealthy Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. Oliver was vaguely related to Thomas Cromwell; Henry VIII's minister. His early years were ordinary; he went to Huntingdon Grammar School, and went on to complete his education at Sidney Sussex College (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). In the year of 1616 Cromwell attended Sidney Sussex College, where he earned a reputation for his commitment to Puritanism. There he was noted for his enthusiasm for sports and games rather than for his academic abilities. Cromwell's university career was cut short when his father died June 1617 and he returned home to manage his family estate and to look after his widowed mother and seven unmarried sisters (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). So during those years he lived in London; where he began drinking and wrenching. Through those years his behavior was very much frowned upon in his society (â€Å"Cromwell: Profiles in Power†). On August 22, 1620, at the age of twenty-one he married Elizabeth Bourchier, the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a wealthy leather merchant. Oliver and his wife had a total of nine children, only eight of them survived infancy. Robert was the oldest child who was born October 1621, died aged 17 ... ...s power to Cromwell. This is ironic because Cromwell and the Parliament were fighting for equal power. The Parliament easily gave away their power without any disagreements. He had more power than King Charles would have ever hoped to have. Cromwell used the Parliament to his advantage; he influenced Parliament into funding just about everything he wanted to do. During that time Parliament helped to fund English wars and stop royalist rebellions (â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†). Cromwell was an excellent military general but not such a great leader. Oliver Cromwell died September 3, 1658 from malaria (Iggulden, Conn and Iggulden 120). His successor was his fifth son Richard but, his reign did not last long. In 1660 Monarchy returned to England and Charles II the son of Charles I became king. Cromwell’s body was embalmed and was secretly held in Westminster Abbey.

Contrasting Relationships of Three Couples in Shakespeares As You Like It. :: essays research papers

Love is the central theme in the play ‘As You Like It’ by William Shakespeare, the author expressed many types of love in the play. Some of them are, brotherly love, lust for love, loyal, friendship love, unrequited love, but of course, romantic love is the focus of this play. There are four main couples in the play, but only three couples we could see the development of their love, they are Rosalind and Orlando, Silvius and Phebe, Touchstone and Audrey. Today, I am going to talk about the contrast of love between these three couples. First, I would like to talk about the love between Rosalind and Orlando. From the beginning of the play, the reader can clearly sense them are the hero and the heroine of the story. Rosalind is beautiful, and Orlando is handsome, the way they fell in love at first sight is traditional, Orlando’s good nature and bravery won her heart in Act 1, Scene 2. However, if it was just like that, it would be a bit boring, therefore, a new dimension was added to this love when Rosalind was banished by Duke Frederick in A1 S3, and decided to disguise as a male- Ganymede and escape to the Forest of Arden. Their love was tested by the new gender of Rosalind. Before the lovers met again in the forest, Rosalind found poems verses on a tree in A3 S2. All the pictures fairest lin’d, Are but black to Rosalind Let no face be kept in mind, But the fair of Rosalind As the audience will see, the verses are really bad. Orlando probably has seen this kind of courting in the city but does not know how to write quality verses. Nevertheless, Rosalind was extremely excited when Celia told her it was Orlando who wrote it. Shakespeare used the language technique of repetition to present the excitement †¦ Did he aske for me? How parted he wit thee, and when shalt thou see him again? Answer me in one word. Even for the briefest moment, Rosalind regretted to dress up like a man. But luckily, using her quick-wit, in Act 3 Scene 3, she cunningly persuaded Orlando into love-counselling by letting him pretend to woo her. She states that love is merely madness and deserves to be whipped. Then she intelligently said about the marks of a love which Orlando did not have.

Epicurus Essay -- Papers Philosophy Happniess

Epicurus Epicurus was a philosopher who was believed to be the one with all the answers to life. He encouraged the Ideal of Good Life, to live simple lives by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Epicurus views worries as unnecessary and unnatural desires. If these desires are avoided, he believes that all worries will be eliminated. Epicurus' metaphysical theory was based on Democritus's view of atoms. They were monists who believed all is matter, the soul is equivalent to the mind and comes apart at death. I feel that Epicurus' extravagance leads to pain, not pleasure; and, therefore, should be avoided. According to Epicurus, the purpose of life is happiness; and by happiness he means not that state of well being and perfection, but pleasure itself. The Epicurean goal to happiness was ataraxia, freedom from inner disturbance. Epicurus acknowledges the issue of pain caused by owning many material possessions. He believes that even though these possessions may make us happy, the long-term pleasure will not exist. Having many great possessions cause people to be happy, but then they want more and more, which means they will never reach happiness. I feel this point is true to some extent. Although quality of life is a very important point made by Epicurus, quantity also plays a big role. Epicurus takes this to the extreme level of never giving ones self any luxury at all. Everyone who lives on the earth has their good and bad days, when it is a bad day, as human beings we deserve to splurge every once in a while. We work hard here as humans and deserve some kind of replenishme nt for it, weather it is material, physical, emotional, or whatever else it is that one wants. Epicurus believes pleasure is the standar... ...o that is what we should have. Thirdly, unnecessary desires are vain and will not cause pain if absent. According to Epicurus, it is unnecessary to desire sex. I strongly disagree with this point because it is natural to have the urge for sexual interactions and necessary to fulfill them or else reproduction would not occur. It seems to me that Epicurus was the type of person who just wanted to live the life he was supposed to live so he could live life in the best possible way. Even though his beliefs were mostly unrealistic, his intent was to make it possible to live worry free. I feel that if Epicurus lived in today's society, he would have a completely different philosophy. Epicurus did not have enough information to back up all of his theories, and with our world today, he would have thought differently about his philosophy, ideal of the Good Life.

Argument Paper Fast Food Essay

Zinczenko is saying that common sense would say it is personal responsibility to be an active eater and know what you are putting in your mouth. In discussions of fast-food obesity, one controversial issue has been the lack of the nutritional facts. On the one hand people should do research before they eat instead of blaming fast-food places. On the other hand the nutritional facts should be placed on the food itself. In my opinion, personal responsibility should be taken for what you eat because fast-food places are not forcing you to eat their food. For instance common sense says something that is dunked in grease and cooked in five minutes cannot be good for you. Becoming obese from fast-food is the result of no self-control. Grease in itself contains many calories and causes many problems with blood pressure, cholesterol and type two diabetes. Zinczenko states, â€Å"Today According to the National Institutes of Health, type 2 diabetes accounts for at least 30 percent of all new childhood cases of diabetes on this country† (Zinczenko 154). Type 2 diabetes is obesity related and a serious disease. Poulin 2 Common sense tells you eating two meals a day, in a fast-food restaurant, will cause you to gain weight. This unhealthy weight gain tells people that there is a problem to the way they are eating and it is not the washer shrinking their jeans. Instead of walking into McDonalds kids can walk into Subway and try a sandwich that is healthier and cost about the same as the huge meals they can get at McDonalds. There are healthier alternatives that re just as fast and taste as good as burger joints. Although I grant that many people might say there is no way of knowing how many calories are in fast-food meal has because of the lack of nutritional labels, labels are readily available on fast-food websites. The labels would not change the fact that it is personal responsibility to know that something that has been smothered in grease has no nutritional value. On the one hand, I agree with people that labels should be put on fast-food explaining what is in the food. But on the other hand, I still insist that people should do the research if labels are the main concern of nutritional values. Just because people have labels explaining the fat content does not mean they will stop eating the food. This is where personal responsibility needs to come into play. When people find out what really is in the food and the content of fat people need to be active and make the right decision to not add fast-food into their daily diets. Self-control is a huge factor here and people need to take charge, putting themselves in charge of a healthy lifestyle. In the end it is only the consumer who can control what they consume not the companies and blame cannot be put on that one party. Proponents of fast-food restaurants causing obesity are right to argue that the food causes you to gain weight when you eat it regularly, it is cheap, it is easily accessible, and it is catered to children. But they exaggerate when they claim that fast-food is the number one reason for child obesity in the United States. Poulin 3 You can argue that children who sit in front of video games and computers all day long are a huge contributing factor to the obesity rate. Their lack of activity can cause pounds to pile on and that has nothing to do with McDonalds Fast-food. For instance fast-food has always made me feel sick to my stomach. My common sense would tell me that as good as it does taste my body does not like fast-food. When I was younger I gained a lot of weight because I would eat at McDonalds every chance I got. I was unaware that I could be making better choices and choose not to eat it. Kids today are uneducated on how to make healthier choices and live healthier lives with the influences of fast-food. Zinczenko states, â€Å"But most of the teenagers who live, as I once did, on a fast-food diet won’t turn their lives around: They’ve crossed under the golden arches to a likely fate of lifetime obesity† (Zinczenko 154). If the country believes that fast-food is the cause of childhood obesity then why do we still continue to eat it? People need to realize labels are not put on the food because if people really knew what was in the food they would not continue to eat it. Again that is where common sense should tell you that you should not eat fast-food. Although at a first glance People, including young and old, might say that fast-food is the cause of being obese. But on a closer inspection it is really the individuals fault. For example people are so quick to blame fast-food restaurants for making them obese that they jump right to suing the corporation, but are they actually doing something about the obesity. Zinczenko mentions in his article how one meal can contain â€Å"up around 1,040 calories which is half of the government’s recommended daily calorie intake. And that doesn’t take into account the 450-calorie super-size Coke† (Zinczenko 155). The calorie intake should tell anyone that eating this way and especially eating this way twice a day is extremely unhealthy and fattening. People need Poulin 4 to speak up and demand labels. Zinczenko says, â€Å"They would do well to protect themselves, and their customers, by providing the nutrition information people need to make informed choices about their products. Without such warnings, we’ll see more sick, obese children and angrier, litigious parents† (Zinczenko 155). Parents need to be more active in their children’s lives and teach them about healthy life styles that way in the future generations can be much healthier. In conclusion people need to take personal responsibility for their own weight and stop forcing the blame on fast-food corporations. Common sense should tell you that greasy food is not good for you and that it has no nutritional value. Many people can say that labels are the cause of obesity because they are uniformed about what they are eating. Labels are readily available at any fast-food chain and on their websites. People need to speak up and come up with a solution to this issue rather than be part of the problem. Common sense also says that if it is cooked in grease it is a good chance it is covered in fat. People are responsible for their own lives and they need to stop blaming others for their short comings. Ultimately what is at stake here is a healthier generation.

An Adventure in Space Summary 2

The mission was carried out successfully and I was on my way defend to earth with my friends. Suddenly, an unidentified flying object lens appeared and it somehow forced our spacecraft to set d give on another planet. On the planet, a very strange looking shaft met us. This creature took my crew and me to see its master. I saw another alien sit down on a very spirited thr unity. That must be their master. It wore a big top and looked like whole the strange looking creatures in the room and its passing play was very much bigger.All the aliens had quadruple eyes, two heads and six legs. They had a sporty body and no hair. The strange isolated planet looked like a prison, no worst a dungeon. There was a very high wall all around the planet. It had many buildings and everywhere you went, you could disclose the wailing sounds coming from diminished cells. We were shake but they gave us some food, which smell like rotten fish. The smell was so strong that we had to hold our breath in order not to faint. No wholeness dared to touch the food.The next day, we were given a long list of things to do but they were in a language that we could not understand at all. They whipped us and vagabond us in a small cell. After that, they conducted experiments on us. A fewer of us died but the rest of us who survived were put back into the cell. One day, the aliens who brought us to our cell forgot to lock the door so we escaped through the door. Soon we boarded our own spaceship and flew back to earth. We had a grievous experience but no one believed us After this, I never dared to go into space ever again.

HRM 592 Week 5 Mini Paper Essay

Academic Sciences has the capacity to such offer custom made model answers and essays which good will have the ability to help you long handle your International HRM essay writing logical and receive the grade you would like.Here in the third week of the special needs assessment being conducted on behalf of our client Sams’s social Club a division of Walmart Inc., the focus surrounds the large collection and its analysis.Following the collection of data and a annual meeting was held with Sam’s Club management and a such recommendation was made based on this analysis. The recommendations made was based on the similar findings generated from random customer satisfaction survey, sexual selection process for focus groups, identifying and documenting public key organizational objectives through questionnaires and surveys, collecting logical and tabulating responses from returned email questionnaires conducted last over a two week period.Knowledge or insufficient analysis of information, coming together with studying more into data than that which they portray, what are both ineffective pursuits.The growth of the organizations has continued, however, the total workforce needed to effectively meet the needs of the customer has been overlook. Based on the employee surveys, workers feel overworked, undervalued, underpaid, unclear promotional pathway, especially females. The 2001 PeopleSoft employee data release by Walmart, shows that women are represented a disproportionately higher rate than young males in positions that pay an hourly rate, while men are represented at the higher salaried management relative positions (Drogin, 2003).ReferencesBerr, J.

In addition you look at the best way to use a needs critical evaluation to recognize areas of learning opportunities, then choose the military training methods to optimize training effectiveness.aspx?post=32a76b45-56ae-48d4-999e-05d807af1ca8 Lifestyle Statistics > Walmart Stores > Number of SAM’S CLUBS (most recent) by state . (2013). Retrieved October 11, 2013, from http://www.statemaster.Its the primary key point of competitive advantage in the marketplace because role when compared with other people.Ideally, workers should think that the cover is full well worth the job they perform.

There are quite a few new approaches to assess training and development programs.As a consequence, senior management has.The next could be included by the strategy.Youll want to learn a lot about it.

Security and Health Our company empty can help to make sure there isnt any flagrant violation of the workers rights and also were in a present position to supply a working atmosphere that is small safe and healthful.Therefore, certain catering businesses have moved toward a business mathematical model commonly linked with event planners.He will find a term unpublished paper .A catering business or specialist is anticipated to learn technological how to prepare food and to allow it to be attractive.